Low Sperm Count? Understanding Male Fertility Issues

Editor: Suman Pathak on Mar 26,2025

 

Male infertility is a common but under-treated condition. It is hard for most couples to conceive, and in about 40-50% of the cases, the problem lies in male fertility issues. One of the most common causes is low sperm count, but there are many more.

In this blog, we’ll see the causes of male infertility, signs to watch for, and possible treatments. We’ll also cover how to test male fertility, conditions like azoospermia (no sperm in semen) and oligospermia (low sperm count), and lifestyle changes that can help.

What Causes Men's Infertility?

There are various reasons for infertility in men. By understanding the causes of male infertility and taking action, many couples can overcome these challenges and start a family. Following are some of the most frequent:

1. Low Sperm Count (Oligospermia)

Oligospermia is when there are fewer sperm than usual. The usual number of sperm is 15 million or more per milliliter of semen. Fewer than that lowers the possibility of pregnancy.

2. No Sperm in Semen (Azoospermia)

Azoospermia arises when there is a lack of sperm in semen. It may result from blockages, hormonal imbalance, or a problem with sperm production.

3. Varicocele (Dilated Veins in the Scrotum)

Varicocele refers to a varicose vein within the scrotum. It tends to heat the testicles, thereby affecting the production of sperm and causing Varicocele and infertility.

4. Hormonal Imbalance

Testosterone and other hormones have a significant role to play in sperm production. Low testosterone or thyroid issues are hormonal reasons for infertility in men.

5. Infections & Medical Conditions

Certain infections such as STDs, mumps, or prostatitis can damage the sperm. Chronic diseases such as diabetes also impact fertility.

6. Lifestyle Factors

Smoking, drinking, obesity, and unhealthy diet can reduce sperm count. Even stress can lead to infertility in men by disturbing hormones.

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Symptoms of Infertility In Men

men consulting with doctor about fertility issues

Most men do not know that they are infertile until they attempt to conceive. Some of the signs of male infertility, however, are:

  • Inability to get an erection
  • Low libido
  • Pain or swelling of the testicles
  • Small or firm testes
  • Less body or facial hair (may be a sign of hormonal problems)

If you have these, it's a good idea to check.

How to Test Male Fertility

If you're facing infertility, a physician may suggest:

1. Semen Analysis

This is the most frequently performed test for male fertility. It measures sperm count, motility, and shape.

2. Hormone Testing

Blood work can diagnose such imbalances as low levels of testosterone, which are possibly hormonal causes of male infertility.

3. Ultrasound

Ultrasound can identify abnormalities such as a varicocele or obstruction in the tract reproductive system.

4. Genetic Testing

At other times, genetic disorders may be the cause of azoospermia or oligospermia.

Male Infertility Treatment

Depending on the cause of infertility in men, appropriate treatment needs to be determined. Below are some of the usual options:

1. Medications

If infections or hormonal problems are the reason, antibiotics or hormone therapy can prove useful.

2. Surgery

Surgery tends to fix a varicocele, which can enhance sperm quantity and quality.

3. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

  • IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): Sperm is inserted straight into the uterus.
  • IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): Sperm and eggs are mixed up in the laboratory and then inserted.
  • ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): One sperm is injected into an egg (useful in the case of severe oligospermia or azoospermia).

4. Lifestyle Changes

  • Easy modifications can improve fertility:
  • Eat an optimal diet for male fertility (see below).
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Quit smoking and alcohol consumption.
  • Lessen stress (as stress can lead to infertility in men).

Best Diet for Male Fertility

Food influences the health of sperm. Here are some foods that help improve fertility:

  • Zinc-rich foods: Oysters, nuts, seeds (supports sperm development).
  • Antioxidants: Berries, dark chocolate, spinach (sperm protection against damage).
  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Fish, flaxseeds (enhances sperm motility).
  • Vitamin C & E: Citrus fruits, almonds (enhances sperm quality).
  • Folate (Vitamin B9): Leafy greens and beans (maintain healthy DNA in sperm).

Stay away from processed foods, sweetened beverages, and trans fats, as they can damage sperm.

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Can Stress Cause Male Infertility?

Yes, stress can lead to infertility in men. Increased stress increases cortisol levels, which subsequently decreases testosterone and sperm levels. Stress also results in unhealthy lifestyle choices (such as smoking or drinking), which further damage fertility.

How to deal with stress:

  • Meditate or do yoga.
  • Sleep well.
  • Exercise daily.
  • Consult a therapist if necessary.

Other Factors Influencing Male Fertility

Here are other factors affecting a Man’s Fertility:

1. Environmental Toxins

Chemical, pesticide, and heavy metal exposures can lower the quality of sperm. Farmers, painters, or factory workers need to avoid exposure.

2. Heat Exposure

Hot tub, sauna, or tight underwear usage every day increases the temperature around the scrotum and can damage sperm production.

3. Medications & Supplements

Some medications (such as anabolic steroids, chemotherapy, or antihypertensive medications) can impair fertility. Always visit a doctor prior to taking any supplements.

4. Age & Fertility

Men produce sperm during their entire lives, but with age over 40, sperm quality reduces, and the probability of genetic deformities increases.

Natural Methods for Enhancing Sperm Health

Let's see some of the natural methods to enhance sperm health:

1. Keep Yourself Hydrated

Dryness thickens semen, and it becomes difficult for sperm to move. Have a minimum of 8-10 glasses of water daily.

2. Have a Healthy Weight

Obesity lowers testosterone and sperm count. Healthy weight is obtained through diet and exercise.

3. Drink Less Alcohol & Caffeine

Too much alcohol lowers testosterone and excessive caffeine damages sperm DNA. Use moderation.

4. Sleep Enough

Poor sleep ruins hormone balance, including testosterone. Experiment with 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night.

When to See a Doctor?

If you’ve been trying to conceive for over a year (or six months if the woman is over 35) without success, consult a fertility specialist. Early diagnosis improves treatment success.

The Emotional Impact of Infertility in Men

Coping with male infertility can be emotionally challenging for men and women. Fertility problems make most men feel embarrassed or ashamed, but the reality is that infertility is a clinical condition and not a failure.

Typical Emotional Issues

  • Stress and anxiety about conception problems
  • Low self-esteem caused by perceived masculinity issues
  • The strain on relationships from the pressure of having children
  • Depression when treatment fails immediately

Dealing with It

  • Open Communication: Communicate with your partner openly in terms of concerns and feelings.
  • Support Groups: Fertility support groups can help reduce feelings of loneliness.
  • Professional Help: There are fertility counselors who can assist with coping strategies.
  • Self-Care: Maintain your mental health with relaxation and hobbies.

Supporting Your Partner

If your partner is experiencing infertility:

  • Don't accuse each other and become a team.
  • Attend the doctor's appointment together.
  • Be patient on the emotional roller coaster.

Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. Most couples overcome male infertility with time, treatment, and support.

Even though low sperm count and other issues of fertility are challenging, solutions already exist through the help of today's modern medicine. The ideal solution is when emotional health is coupled with medical treatment. Maintain your optimistic outlook, be an informed person, and never be afraid to seek help at the appropriate time.

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Final Thoughts

Infertility in men occurs more often than individuals realize. Low sperm count, azoospermia, or varicocele are a few of the causes that lead to fertility issues. Fortunately, if diagnosed and treated—either with medication, surgery, or lifestyle change—most men can enhance their fertility.

If you’re also concerned about male fertility issues, consult a doctor. Early testing and treatment can make a big difference. And remember, a healthy diet, exercise, and stress management can boost fertility.


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